Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroscopy Research Articles

Is Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Needed in Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroscopy? A Prospective Observational Study.

Although rare, deep vein thrombosis is a potentially life-threatening complication of knee arthroscopy. There are scanty literature analysing deep vein thrombosis after arthroscopy in Nepal. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy without chemoprophylaxis postoperatively at 2 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively. The study also aimed to estimate the risk of deep vein thrombosis in these patients by using Caprini Risk Assessment Model. This prospective observational study was conducted at AKB center, B and B Hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur, over a period of 16 months. All patients who underwent arthroscopy knee surgeries fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The primary outcome measure was the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis as diagnosed by compression color-coded ultrasonography of the popliteal vein and calf vein at 2 weeks and 6 weeks postoperatively. The secondary outcome measure was the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in the risk groups according to Caprini Risk Assessment Model. Out of 612 patients who underwent arthroscopic knee surgeries during the study period, 2 patients (0.33%) developed deep vein thrombosis at 6 weeks follow-up as diagnosed with ultrasonography of the popliteal and calf veins. The prevalence rate in high-risk group was 0.33% (1 in 307) and in very high-risk group was 5.88% (1 in 17). There was a low prevalence of deep vein thrombosis without chemoprophylaxis following knee arthroscopy in our study. There was higher prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in very high-risk group patients, so close monitoring of such patients during follow-up is recommended.

Intra-articular VEGF and MMP-1 are the Primary Drivers of Worse Baseline KOOS Symptoms and Quality of Life Subscores at Time of Knee Chondroplasty

Objectives: Biomarkers are a topic of interest in orthopaedics in the setting of osteoarthritis and patients undergoing knee arthroscopy for any reason. However, in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy for chondral defects, the influence of cytokines on patient pain and function is not fully understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentrations of synovial inflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing arthroscopic chondroplasty for chondral defects in the knee and correlate those cytokine levels with baseline patient reported outcome measures (PRO’s) and defect characteristics. We hypothesized that the synovial cytokine environment will correlate with patient symptoms more so than baseline defect characteristics. Methods: Sixty patients 18-50 years old undergoing arthroscopic chondroplasty for knee cartilage defects were enrolled. Patients were assigned preoperative Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and International Knee International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Forms. Preoperative magnetic resonance images were used to calculate AMADEUS (Area Measurement And Depth Underlying Structure) scores.1 All patients received a successful synovial fluid aspiration just prior to initiation the arthroscopic procedure. The number of defects, total defect area, and ICRS grades were recorded based on intraoperative assessment. Patients with concomitant procedures beyond partial meniscectomy were excluded. Multiplex ELISA analyzed aspirations for: PDGF-BB, CCL-5/RANTES, MMP-3, MMP-1, EGF, VEGF, IL-1a, FGF-2, CCL-2, BMP-2, and aggrecan. Univariate correlation testing was used to assess significance between cartilage defect characteristics, PROs, and cytokine concentrations (Figure 1). The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was utilized to select the best-fit multivariate regression model using the 4 most significant independent variables for each cytokine (Figure 2). AIC best-fit modeling was repeated for each PRO that had at least two significant cytokine associations on univariate testing (Figure 3). Significance was set at P<0.05. Results: MMP-1 had a positive correlation with number of defects treated (P=0.016) and negative correlation with KOOS quality of life (QOL) subscores (P=0.035; R2 =0.173). VEGF was positively correlated with defects treated (P=0.005) and negatively correlated with KOOS Symptoms scores (P=0.035; R2 =0.225). The treatment of multiple defects was an independent predictor of elevated IL-1a (P=0.002, R2 =0.202). CCL-2 was positively correlated with multiple defects (P=0.012) and negatively with KOOS QOL (P=0.016, R2 =0.173). Female sex was correlated with higher concentrations of MMP-3 (P=0.007, R2 =0.144), FGF (P=0.012, R2 =0.178), and BMP-2 (P=0.008; R2 = 0.169). BMP-2 was negatively correlated with KOOS Symptom (P=0.019). The primary driver of preoperative KOOS Symptoms scores on multivariate analysis was VEGF (P=0.023, R2 =0.120), influencing patient symptoms beyond defect characteristics. Similarly, KOOS QOL was independently correlated with MMP-1 concentration (P= 0.045, R2 =0.079), more so than ICRS grade (Figure 3). Conclusions: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that elevated MMP-1 was the primary driver of worse preoperative KOOS QOL scores, more so than defect characteristics such as the number of lesions treated. Similarly, worse preoperative KOOS Symptoms scores were more strongly correlated with elevated VEGF concentrations rather than defect ICRS grades. Our study demonstrated that synovial fluid cytokines appear to be the primary drivers of patients’ subjective assessments of their pain and function preoperatively.

Femoral nerve block using lower concentration ropivacaine preserves quadriceps strength while providing similar analgesic effects after knee arthroscopy

PurposeFemoral nerve block (FNB) is widely used in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. However, the most commonly used concentration of ropivacaine (0.2% or above) may cause an unexpected decrease in the muscle strength of the quadriceps. Therefore, a lower concentration of ropivacaine (0.1%) for FNB was administered to investigate the effect on quadriceps strength and postoperative pain after knee arthroscopy.MethodsThis was a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial (ChiCTR2000041404). A total of 83 patients scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy were randomized to receive 0.1% or 0.2% ropivacaine for FNB under ultrasound guidance. The primary outcomes were quadriceps strength and numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score. Quadriceps strength was measured before surgery and 6 h and 24 h after surgery, while NRS score was recorded before surgery, at the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU), and 6 h and 24 h after surgery. Multiple linear regression tests were used to compare the differences in quadriceps strength and NRS score between the two groups. Two-factor analysis of variance, using the factors group and time of measurement, was used for repeated NRS scores. Secondary outcomes included knee mobility, side effects, patient satisfaction, and length of hospital stay.ResultsThe mean (SD) quadriceps strength at 6 h after surgery was 7.5 (5.7) kg for the 0.1% ropivacaine group and 3.0 (4.4) kg for the 0.2% ropivacaine group. The mean difference adjusted for baseline characteristics was − 5.2 (95% CI − 7.2 to − 3.1) kg (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in quadriceps strength at 24 h after surgery. The mean differences in the average NRS score and maximum NRS score in the PACU were − 0.6 (P = 0.008) and − 1.0 (P < 0.001), respectively. There was no significant difference in NRS score at 6 h or 24 h after surgery. Two-factor analysis of variance showed no significant difference in the interaction factors of time and group for average NRS score and maximum NRS score.ConclusionsCompared with 0.2% ropivacaine, 0.1% ropivacaine for FNB preserved quadriceps strength at 6 h after knee arthroscopy while providing similar analgesic effects.Level of evidenceI.

Effect of Adding Dexamethasone to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Adductor Canal Block for Post-operative Analgesia Following Knee Arthroscopy

Abstract Background Arthroscopic knee surgery refers to a large variety of surgical interventions in the knee, and numerous analgesic regimens have been investigated in order to find the best combination of analgesics for these procedures. The post-operative pain response depends on the type and duration of surgical intervention, and it can be challenging to predict which analgesic regimen will be the most appropriate for each patient until after surgery. Aim of the Work Assessing the effect of adding dexamethasone perineurally to bupivacaine in adductor canal block for post operative analgesia following knee arthroscopy under spinal anaesthesia regarding; duration of postoperative analgesia as a primary objective and one-day postoperative analgesic and opioid consumption as a secondary objective. Patients and Methods The type of study was a randomized prospective double blinded controlled clinical trial at Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. Study Period: Six months, Adult patients undergoing Knee Arthroscopy under Spinal Anaesthesia will be randomly assigned into one of the following groups using computer generated codes and opaque sealed envelopes: Group A (study group): The patients received ACB with 20 ml plain bupivacaine (0.25%) + 8 mg dexamethasone (2 ml), Group B (control group): The patients received ACB with 20 ml plain bupivacaine (0.25%) + 2 ml of Normal saline. Results There was a highly statistically significant difference between groups according to analgesic duration (time of first call for analgesics) (min) with p-value (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The highest value was found in group A(study) and group B(control) (241.02±36.15 and 188.49±28.27) respectively, this indicates that that the needs of analgesic in the group B were earlier compared to group A. There was a highly statistically significant difference between groups according to cumulative morphine consumption “mg” with p-value (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The highest value was found in Group B and Group A 4 (3-4) and 2 (1-2) respectively, this indicates much higher needs of analgesic in the Group B than group A. Conclusion We concluded that ACB is a good postoperative analgesic choice for arthroscopic knee surgery under spinal anaesthesia. However, adding (8 mg)dexamethasone to(0.25%) bupivacaine in ACB provided better prolonged postoperative analgesia and less analgesic consumption than bupivacaine alone.

To Assess the Utility of MRI in Menisci and Ligamentous Injuries of Knee in Correlation with Arthrosopy

Background: The knee joint is a very common site of injury. Most cases are attributable to trauma, repetitive activities and due to sports. Meniscal injuries are most common among knee injuries. MRI is an accurate, non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating knee injuries and determines patient management, saving them from unnecessary arthroscopy. Our study focuses on the utility of MRI and its various sequences in assessing the most common knee injuries. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was done on 50 patients who were clinically suspected of internal derangement of the knee joint underwent MRI after taking written consent. Out of 50 patients in the study, 35 patients underwent knee arthroscopy after MRI .The findings were recorded on pre-structured proforma and correlation was done with arthroscopic findings. Results: Out of 50 patients who underwent MRI, ACL injury was the most frequent, observed in 35 [70%] patients followed by medial meniscus injury, seen in 20 [40%] patients. The sensitivity and Specificity of MRI with respect to arthroscopy in detection of ACL injury are 100% and 88.88%, respectively; thus, MRI is excellent in detecting ACL injury. Conclusion: The study reveals high sensitivity (95-100%) and high specificity (88-100%) for the meniscus and ligament injuries of the knee joint in comparison to arthroscopy. 
MRI is an appropriate screening tool for therapeutic arthroscopy, making diagnostic arthroscopy unnecessary in most patients.

Effect of nanomaterial assisted comprehensive nursing on the recovery of patients with meniscus injury after knee arthroscopy

To explore the clinical effect of comprehensive nursing intervention on meniscus injury patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Ninety-one patients with meniscus injuries were selected as research subjects from January 2019 to June 2021 and were divided into a control group (n = 45) and an observation group (n = 46). All patients received routine nursing intervention and wounds were treated with nano-silver antibacterial gel. The observation group received a comprehensive nursing intervention. Based on routine nursing, the rehabilitation effect of the two groups was compared. Meniscus pain, knee function, mental state, and postoperative complications of the two groups were analyzed. Before nursing, there were no significant differences in VAS score, knee joint function, and mental state between the two groups (P &gt;0.05). After comprehensive nursing, the Lysholm score and Tegner score of the observation group were higher than the control group, while the VAS score, SAS, and SDS score were lower than the control group (P &lt;0.05). After comprehensive nursing, the patient’s knee function recovery and the incidence of postoperative complications were significantly reduced. The patient satisfaction with nursing was higher and the overall nursing effect was better than the control group (P &gt;0.05). Comprehensive nursing applied in arthroscopic surgery for patients with knee meniscus injury had a good recovery effect and reduced pain.

The Effect of a Single Intravenous Corticosteroid Administration on Pain after Knee Arthroscopy: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Non-Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Knee arthroscopy is a standard surgical procedure that is nowadays widely performed as day-case surgery. The aim of the study was to observe the effect of a single dose of intravenous corticosteroid on pain after undergoing knee arthroscopy for non-bony procedures. A prospective, double-blind study design was adopted. Patients undergoing knee arthroscopy for non-bony procedures were prospectively assigned into two equal groups: control (those who were not given steroids) and treatment (those who were given eight milligrams of dexamethasone intravenously 15 min prior to the inflation of the tourniquet). The pain was assessed pre-operatively on admission and on the first post-operative day during the morning round in five different movements using a visual analogue scale (VAS). A total of 60 patients were included in the study. There was no significant difference in the pre-and post-operatively scores between both groups. The treatment group experienced a significant reduction in post-operative morphine requirements, with 80% of patients who did not receive dexamethasone requiring post-operative morphine compared to only 53.3% of patients who did (p = 0.027). Pre-operative intravenous administration of a single dose of dexamethasone may decrease opioid requirements for adequate pain control after knee arthroscopy.

Intra-articular remifentanil on postoperative pain in knee arthroscopic surgery; a double blind randomized clinical trial

BackgroundWe aimed to assess the efficacy of intra-articular remifentanil in relieving postoperative pain after knee arthroscopy. MethodsWe conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial study on 60 patients. Patients were divided into two equal groups. The control group received 25 ml of intra-articular normal saline, and the intervention group received 200 μg of remifentanil dissolved in 25 ml of saline. We evaluated at rest postoperative pain at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after the surgery using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Patients with VAS scores of 4 or more received meperidine (pethidine). The first time meperidine was requested and the total amount of meperidine consumed was recorded. ResultsOut of 60 patients, 49 were male (81.6%), and the mean age of participants was 32.71 (7.02) years. An hour after the surgery, the control group showed a mean VAS score of 8.66 (1.26), and decreased to 2.53 (1.67) at the end of 24 h. The intervention group started with a mean VAS score of 2.23 (1.81) and ended at 0.10 (0.305). All patients in the control group and 11 (36.7%) patients in the intervention group asked for analgesics during follow-up. The mean total meperidine dose in the control and intervention groups was 108.33 (23.97) mg and 13.33 (19.40) mg, respectively (P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval of the difference 83.72 to 106.27). ConclusionsIntra-articular remifentanil may decrease postoperative pain and analgesic requirements in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy.

Role of Pregabalin in Reducing Postoperative Analgesic Requirement of Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroscopy Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair

Objective: To assess the effect of pregabalin in reducing the postoperative requirement of analgesics of patient undergoing knee arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament repair surgery. Study Design: Prospective randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesia, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital Lahore from 1st June 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Eighty patients were randomly divided into two groups; group A and group B, each group comprised 40. Group A receive placebo and group B receive pregabalin 150mg once a day for two days after surgery. Pain assessment done with the help of Numeric Rating Scale and rescue analgesia was recorded. Results: The mean age was 31±10.2 years of group A and 33±10.3 year of Group B. There were more males within both groups in comparison to females with a percentage of 77.5% and 85% respectively. The reduction was seen within Group B in comparison of Group A in terms of ASA class, VNRS, and maximum sensory block. Cumulative volume of PCA in ml was also less in group B than group A with a significant difference within 0-6 hours. Conclusions: The use of pregabalin 150mg after surgery for two days significantly reduces the analgesic consumption Keywords: Pregabalin, Postoperative analgesic, Numeric rating scale

Poster 222: Venous Thromboembolism Risk factors and Prophylaxis Patterns in Knee Arthroscopy: A Large Database Study

Objectives:Incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after knee arthroscopy is reportedly low, but rates vary significantly across literature. Current guidelines recommend against routine perioperative thromboprophylaxis, but prescribing practices and VTE risk factors are poorly understood.Methods:Medical records for patients ≥18 years of age were queried from the Pearl Diver database using CPT codes for arthroscopic knee procedures. Patients with a previous diagnosis of VTE or hyper-coagulable disorder were excluded from analyses. Procedures were grouped by rehabilitation protocols, with restrictive procedures requiring a period of non-weightbearing or postoperative immobilization. Patients who received perioperative thromboprophylaxis were identified. Patients diagnosed with VTE, including pulmonary embolism and/or deep vein thrombosis, within 90 days of surgery were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to identify VTE risk factors and likelihood of thromboprophylaxis prescription. Covariates included age, restrictive rehabilitation protocols, oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use, and medical comorbidities.Results:A total of 718,289 patients underwent knee arthroscopy from 2011 to 2020. 10,769 patients (1.5%) received perioperative thromboprophylaxis, including aspirin (n=5,353, 0.7%), low molecular weight heparin (n=4,563, 0.6%) and factor Xa inhibitors (n=947, 0.1%). A total of 7,618 patients (1.1%) experienced VTE. Perioperative prophylaxis was associated with decreased odds of experiencing VTE (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51 to 0.79) (Table 1). Restrictive procedure type was associated with increased odds of experiencing VTE (aOR =1.42, 95% CI = 1.34 to 1.50) and receiving prophylaxis (aOR=1.95, 95% CI = 1.87 to 2.05). OCP use (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.37 to 1.91), renal disease (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.18 to 1.50) and congestive heart failure (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.49) were associated with increased odds of VTE. Tobacco use was associated with increased odds of VTE (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.22), but decreased odds of receiving perioperative prophylaxis (aOR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.91). Malignancy was associated with increased odds of receiving prophylaxis (aOR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.29) but not with increased odds of VTE.Conclusions:Procedures with restrictive rehabilitation protocols, OCP use, renal disease, and congestive heart failure are associated with increased odds of VTE following knee arthroscopy. Conversely, the use of perioperative thromboprophylaxis is associated with significantly lower odds of VTE. Risk factors for postoperative VTE are not always correlated with increased likelihood of receiving perioperative thromboprophylaxis. Patients with a tobacco use history may be an at-risk population that can be better selected for thromboprophylaxis when clinically appropriate.Table 1.Multivariable Logistic Model of VTE and Perioperative Thromboprophylaxis Odds

Median Effective Concentration of Ropivacaine for Femoral Nerve Block Maintaining Motor Function During Knee Arthroscopy in Two Age Groups.

BackgroundFemoral nerve block combined with general anesthesia is commonly used for patients undergoing knee arthroscopy in ambulatory care centers. An ideal analgesic agent would selectively (differentially) block sensory fibers, with little or no effect on motor nerves. Ropivacaine is considered to cause less motor block than others. This study investigated the median effective concentration (EC50) of ropivacaine for differential femoral nerve block in adults either younger or older than 60 years.MethodsPatients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III and scheduled for knee arthroscopy were categorized as 18- to 60-years-old (Group 1), or older than 60 years (Group 2). Surgeries were performed under general anesthesia combined with femoral nerve block via 22 mL ropivacaine. The EC50 of ropivacaine for differential femoral nerve block was determined using the up-and-down method and probit regression. The primary outcome was the EC50 (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the 2 groups. Data on the sensory block, analgesic effect, complications, and hemodynamics during surgery were also recorded.ResultsThe EC50 of 22 mL ropivacaine for differential femoral nerve block of Group 1 (0.124%, 95% CI 0.097–0.143%) was significantly higher than that of Group 2 (0.088%, 95% CI 0.076–0.103%). The sensory block and hemodynamic data of the 2 groups were comparable. None of the patients experienced neurological complications.ConclusionThe EC50 of ropivacaine administered for differential femoral nerve block during knee arthroscopy was lower in patients older than 60 years, relative to younger adults.

Targeted proteomics for evaluating risk of venous thrombosis following traumatic lower‐leg injury or knee arthroscopy

IntroductionPatients with lower‐leg cast immobilization and patients undergoing knee arthroscopy have an increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT). Guidelines are ambiguous about thromboprophylaxis use, and individual risk factors for developing VT are often ignored. To assist in VT risk stratification and guide thromboprophylaxis use, various prediction models have been developed. These models depend largely on clinical factors and provide reasonably good C‐statistics of around 70%. We explored using protein levels in blood plasma measured by multiplexed quantitative targeted proteomics to predict VT. Our aim was to assess whether a VT risk prediction model based on absolute plasma protein quantification is possible. MethodsWe used internal standards to quantify proteins in less than 10 μl plasma. We measured 270 proteins in samples from patients scheduled for knee arthroscopy or with lower‐leg cast immobilization. The two prospective POT‐(K)CAST trails allow complementary views of VT signature in blood, namely pre and post trauma, respectively. From approximately 3000 patients, 31 patients developed VT who were included and matched with double the number of controls. ResultsTop discriminating proteins between cases and controls included APOC3, APOC4, APOC2, ATRN, F13B, and F2 in knee arthroscopy patients and APOE, SERPINF2, B2M, F13B, AFM, and C1QC in patients with lower‐leg cast. A logistic regression model with cross‐validation resulted in C‐statistics of 88.1% (95% CI: 85.7–90.6%) and 79.6% (95% CI: 77.2–82.0%) for knee arthroscopy and cast immobilization groups respectively. ConclusionsPromising C‐statistics merit further exploration of the value of proteomic tests for predicting VT risk upon additional validation.

Morbid Obesity and Severe Knee Osteoarthritis: Which Should Be Treated First?

BackgroundThere are limited prospective data, and conflicting retrospective data, providing guidance on how to optimally manage patients with morbid obesity and severe knee osteoarthritis. This study sought to review the effect of bariatric surgery on knee pain and knee surgery 30-day outcomes, as well as assess whether the sequence of bariatric and knee surgery has any effect on 30-day complications. MethodsA retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) from July 2006 to July 2016 at a university hospital was performed. Patients with knee pain or knee surgery (pre- or post-LSG) were identified using bariatric and orthopedic clinic notes. Those who had improvement in knee pain following LSG resulting in removal from orthopedic surgery waitlist were identified. We also assessed surgical outcomes in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) followed by LSG compared to patients undergoing LSG followed by knee arthroscopy or TKA. ResultsDuring our study timeframe, 355 patients underwent LSG. Knee pain was documented in 150 (42.2%) patients, and orthopedic surgery consultation was completed for 57 (38.0%) patients with knee pain. Orthopedic intervention was performed prior to LSG for 24 patients and after LSG for 27 patients. Procedures were a combination of arthroscopy (18) and TKA (33). Six patients were removed from the waitlist for TKA following LSG due to resolution of symptoms. Order of interventions did not affect 30-day complications for patients undergoing LSG and arthroscopy (16% arthroscopy first, 0% LSG first, p = 0.43). A higher rate of LSG complications was noted in patients who underwent TKA prior to LSG (25% vs 0%, p = 0.04). There were no differences in TKA complications (8.3% TKA first, 4.8% LSG first, p = 1.00). ConclusionIn a small number of patients with morbid obesity and severe knee osteoarthritis, orthopedic intervention can be delayed and potentially avoided by undergoing LSG. In our study, 6/57 (10.5%) of patients with orthopedic consultation prior to LSG saw resolution of symptoms of knee pain. Referral to bariatric surgery should be considered for patients with morbid obesity and severe knee osteoarthritis.

English

BACKGROUND Adequate pain management has a great importance for smooth postoperative recovery, early hospital discharge and early rehabilitation. In this study, we compare the analgesic effect and possible side effects of different routes of magnesium sulphate administration in cases of spinal anaesthesia for knee arthroscopy. METHODS This is an experimental prospective randomized control study. 196 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy were divided into 4 groups (49 each): Group A: Given bupivacaine intrathecally during spinal anaesthesia. Group B: Given magnesium sulphate 50 mg with bupivacaine intrathecally. Group C: Given magnesium sulphate IV 10 min after intrathecal injection (30 mg/kg MgSo4). Group D: Given magnesium sulphate intra-articular route, 10 min before the end of surgery (800 mgSo4 diluted in 12 ml normal saline (0.9 % NaCl). Operative time in minutes, VAS at rest and after procedure, time lapse before first analgesic dose after surgery, total dose of rescue analgesics used, pulse rate, mean arterial pressure and side effects were observed and analysed. RESULTS In regards to the lapse of time between end of surgery and first rescue analgesic given, total doses of tramadol used during the 24 hours after the procedure were significantly better in patients given intra-articular magnesium sulphate than other groups (P = 0.001). Patients of Group C who received IV magnesium sulphate were significantly better than patients who were given intrathecal magnesium sulphate in relation to time taken from end of surgery until first analgesic dose. VAS at rest and during the period of first 24 hours followed by surgery was statistically significant in patients who received intra-articular magnesium sulphate (p- 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular administration of magnesium sulphate was observed to be superior to other routes of administration or not using at all. Next to intra-articular route, intravenous magnesium sulphate was found to be superior to intrathecal route in providing post operative analgesia in arthroscopy patients. KEY WORDS Analgesia, Knee Arthroscopy, Pain, Magnesium Sulphate, Intrathecal, Intra-articular

Efficacy of Intravenous versus Intrathecal Meperidine on Post-Spinal Shivering after Knee Arthroscopy: A Randomized Controlled Study

Background and Aims: Hypothermia is considered a common problem with anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia, affects the process of temperature regulation. The aim of this study was to compare the prophylactic effect of intravenous (IV) meperidine with intrathecal (IT) meperidine on the prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia in patients underwent knee arthroscopy. Aim of the Study: The aim of this work is to study the effect of meperidine either intravenous (IV) vs intrathecal (IT) on controlling postoperative shriving after knee arthroscopy. Materials and Methods: This study will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the ethics committee Benha University hospitals. Full written informed consent will be obtained from all patients before inclusion in the study, and a prospective randomized double-blinded study was conducted in adult patients undergoing knee arthroscopy under spinal anesthesia. Cases are divided into three equal groups (20 patients in each). Group IT: will receive spinal anesthesia (12.5 mg heavy bupivacaine) with intrathecal meperidine (25 mg). Group IV: will receive spinal anesthesia (12.5 mg heavy bupivacaine) with intravenous meperidine (25 mg). Group C: will receive spinal anesthesia (12.5 mg heavy bupivacaine) only postoperatively. Incidence and degree of shivering (SS), sedation score (RSS), pain score (VAS), hemodynamics, and PONV will be measured at the following intervals: 0 min (once arrived at PACU), 20 min later, 40 min later, 80 min later. Results: Shivering was observed in 0%, 0%, and 10.5% of patients in Groups IT, IV, and C, respectively. There was a significant difference between Group IT and IV compared to Group C (P Conclusion: We concluded that IT meperidine and IV meperidine comparably can decrease intensity and incidence of shivering compared to control group as well as decrease the requirement for additional doses of meperidine for shivering control without any hemodynamic side effect. And intrathecal meperidine showed better postoperative pain control and less postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).

Comparison of patient and surgeon satisfaction in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy with peripheral nerve block versus spinal anesthesia

Objective. This study aims to compare two different methods of regional anesthesia applied for knee arthroscopy in terms of patient and surgeon satisfaction. Materials and Methods. Eighty patients who underwent knee arthroscopy either with spinal anesthesia (SA) or unilateral sciatic and femoral nerve block (SFNB) were included in the study. A nurse conducted a blind study questionnaire to assess the surgeon and patient satisfaction from anesthesia performed at the end of the surgery. Pain score, demographical data, duration of surgery, motor and sensory block duration, time of first rescue analgesia were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results. A statistically significant difference was found between the patient (p = 0.001; p &lt;0.01) and surgeon (p = 0.022; p &lt;0.05) satisfaction rates, these being lower in the group with SFNB comparable to patients with spinal anesthesia. There was a statistically significant difference between the first analgesic requirements of the patients according to the groups (p = 0.001; p &lt;0.01). The first analgesic requirement of the patients who received SFNB was later than in the case of patients who received spinal anesthesia. Conclusions. Patient and surgeon satisfaction with SA was significantly higher than SFNB. The peripheral nerve blocks are inadequate for patient and surgeon satisfaction for knee arthroscopy compared to SA.

Impact of dexamethasone added to intra-articular morphine and bupivaciane for post-operative analgesia after knee arthroscopy

Abstract Background Pain relief after knee arthroscopy is very important for early recovery and rehabilitation. Many drugs were used intra-articularly to prolong postoperative analgesia and diminish post-operative pain. The present study studies the effects of adding dexamethasone to intra-articular morphine and bupivacaine combination on postoperative pain after knee arthroscopy. Aim of the Work The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of adding dexamethasone (8mg) to intra-articular morphine (10mg) and bupivacaine (25mg) injection on postoperative pain after knee arthroscopy. Patients and Methods A randomized double-blinded clinical trial was carried out on 40 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Patients were divided randomly into two equal groups. All drugs used were injected intra-articularly at the end of arthroscopy. In the control group, patients were administered 10mg morphine added to bupivacaine 25mg. In the study group, patients were administered 10mg morphine and 8mg dexamethasone added to bupivacaine 25mg. Visual analog score for pain at rest and movement, time to first analgesic request, total analgesic consumption, duration of analgesia and adverse effects were recorded. Results The study group showed lower visual analog score at rest and movement, prolonged postoperative analgesia, and decreased total analgesic consumption compared with the control group. Conclusion Adding dexamethasone to intra-articular combination of morphine and bupivacaine after knee arthroscopy prolongs the duration of analgesia, lowers pain scores, and decreases total analgesic consumption with no detected adverse effects.

Evaluation of ultrasound-guided adductor canal block with two different concentration of bupivacaine in arthroscopic knee surgery: A feasibility study.

The application of regional anaesthesia techniques as a component of multimodal analgesia in knee arthroscopic surgeries increases the quality of postoperative analgesia. Adductor canal block (ACB) is an effective "motor sparing" analgesia technique used in knee surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ACB using two different concentrations of local anaesthetic in terms of analgesic requirements and pain density in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Prospective, randomised, controlled. Tertiary hospital. A total of 60 patients (ASA I-II) were evaluated in three groups, with 20 patients in each group. Standardised postoperative analgesia was performed in all groups. In addition, ultrasound-guided ACB (same volume/two different concentrations of bupivacaine: 0.25% vs 0.16%) was applied to the experimental groups. Tramadol consumption, rescue analgesic requirement and Numeric Rating Scores (NRS). Tramadol requirement in the first 24hours was significantly higher in the control group (209.5±23.27mg) (P<.001), and there was no difference between the experimental groups (63±42.06mg vs 80.5±36.63mg). Although the mean NRS scores in the first three hours were higher in the control group when compared with both block groups, it was similar in all groups in the following measurements. In arthroscopic knee surgery, ACB interventions with 0.25% and 0.16% concentrations of bupivacaine were similar in terms of postoperative analgesic efficacy, and they increased the quality of multimodal analgesics when compared with the control group.

Risk of Infection in Knee Arthroscopy Patients Undergoing Corticosteroid Injections in the Perioperative Period.

Background:Recent evidence suggests that there may be an increased risk of infection for patients undergoing a corticosteroid injection before, during, or after knee arthroscopy.Purpose:To systematically review the literature to evaluate the risk of postoperative infection in patients undergoing intra-articular corticosteroid injections (CSI) before, during, or after knee arthroscopy.Study Design:Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A systematic review was performed by searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases to identify studies that evaluated the rate of postoperative infection in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy who received an intra-articular CSI during the perioperative period. The search phrase used was “knee AND arthroscopy AND injection AND (infection OR revision).” A subanalysis was also performed to analyze infection rates based on the timing of the corticosteroid injection in relation to arthroscopy.Results:Four studies met the inclusion criteria, representing 11,925 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy with an intra-articular CSI administered during the perioperative period (mean follow-up, 5.3 months) and 247,329 patients without a corticosteroid injection during the perioperative period (mean follow-up, 5.9 months). Patients who received an injection experienced a statistically significantly higher rate of postoperative infection (2.2%) when compared with patients who did not receive an injection (1.1%; P < .001). When analyzed by the timing of the injection, patients receiving an injection preoperatively or intraoperatively experienced a statistically significantly higher rate of postoperative infection (3% and 2.6%, respectively) when compared with patients receiving an injection postoperatively (1.4%; P = .001 for both).Conclusion:Patients undergoing knee arthroscopy who receive an intra-articular CSI during the perioperative period can be expected to experience significantly higher postoperative infection rates when compared with patients not receiving an injection. Furthermore, patients receiving a corticosteroid injection pre- or intraoperatively may experience significantly higher rates of postoperative infection when compared with patients receiving an injection postoperatively.

Comparative efficacy of osteochondral autologous transplantation and microfracture in the knee: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

More than 19% of patients undergoing knee arthroscopies suffers from articular cartilage defects. The chondral or osteochondral lesion has negative impacts on the knee joints function and the life quality of patients. However, the treatment remains challenging as hyaline cartilage is not renewable. The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the data of randomized controlled trials for comparing the postoperative outcomes between osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT) and microfracture (MF) procedure. We hypothesized that the outcomes were better in OAT than MF procedure. A systematic literature search of the EMBASE, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The outcome measures include: the rate of excellent or good results, the rate of return to sports, the failure rate, osteoarthritis rate, International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score, Lysholm Knee Score, and Tegner scale. The statistical analysis was completed using Review Manager (RevMan, version 5.3) software. The systematic search identified 7 studies with a total of 346 patients. The pooled result showed significant differences between the two groups in the rate of return to sports and failure. The following outcome scores showed significant improvement (pre- vs postoperatively): Lysholm score (p = 0.02), Tegner scale (p < 0.00001), and ICRS score (p < 0.00001). The differences were not significant in the excellent or good results and the rate of osteoarthritis. The patients in OAT group may return to play quicker, even return to pre-injury level of activity compared to the MF group. OAT is better than MF procedure in accordance with Lysholm score, Tegner score, ICRS score, and the rate of failure. However, few studies have reported long-term outcomes and there has no uniform criteria for safe return to sports. Further research is needed. Level II, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.